![]() ![]() and can be used as indicators of possible adulteration with other Symphytum species, such as S. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids echimidine and symlandine are not found in S. The total amount of pyrrolizidine alkaloids given by different authors varies from 0.013% to 1.2% based on the analytical methods used ( Tittel et al., 1979 Brauchli et al., 1982 Neidhardt, 1982 Stengl et al., 1982 Gracza et al., 1985 Vollmer et al., 1987 Mütterlein and Arnold, 1993). symphytoxide A), oleanolic acid ( Aftab et al., 1996) and lithospermic acid ( Wagner et al., 1970).Ĭomfrey root also consists of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1,2-unsaturated necine ring structures, almost entirely in the form of their N-oxides, the main ones being 7-acetylintermedine and 7-acetyllycopsamine together with smaller amounts of intermedine, lycopsamine and symphytine ( Brauchli et al., 1982). The constituents of comfrey root include 0.6–4.7% allantoin ( Dennis et al., 1987) abundant mucilage polysaccharides (about 29%) composed of fructose and glucose units ( Franz, 1969) phenolic acids such as rosmarinic acid (up to 0.2%), chlorogenic acid (0.012%) as well as caffeic acid (0.004%) and α-hydroxy caffeic acid ( Andres, 1991 Grabias and Swiatek, 1998 Teuscher et al., 2009) glycopeptides and amino acids ( Hiermann and Writzel, 1998) and triterpene saponins in the form of monodesmosidic and bidesmosidic glycosides based on the aglycones hederagenin (e.g. In addition, comfrey is described in the Hager Monographs ( Staiger, 2009). A European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy Monograph is available for comfrey root (Symphyti radix ESCOP, 2009). positively for the treatment of blunt injuries ( Kommission E, 1990a, 1990b). The German Commission E has assessed preparations containing Symphytum officinale L. Comfrey has also been used in veterinary medicine ( Rabinovich, 1981). Native Americans also recognized its healing powers and included comfrey in their therapeutic armamentarium ( Hamel and Chiltoskey, 1975 Stammel, 1986). ![]() Commonly found throughout Europe and parts of Asia, the plant also naturalized in North America, where it rapidly spread. For centuries, comfrey has been used as a traditional medicinal plant for the treatment of painful muscle and joint complaints ( Kothmann, 2003 Englert et al., 2005). ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |